{"id":1870,"date":"2015-09-28T09:14:34","date_gmt":"2015-09-28T09:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wp.kmnu.or.id\/?p=1870"},"modified":"2015-09-28T09:14:34","modified_gmt":"2015-09-28T09:14:34","slug":"kesehatan-saluran-pencernaan-pondasi-utama-produktivitas-unggas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/2015\/09\/28\/kesehatan-saluran-pencernaan-pondasi-utama-produktivitas-unggas\/","title":{"rendered":"Kesehatan Saluran Pencernaan : Pondasi Utama Produktivitas Unggas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0merupakan\u00a0 pemabatas\u00a0antara\u00a0unggas\u00a0 dan\u00a0ligkungan,\u00a0serta\u00a0 berfungsi untuk\u00a0mencerna\u00a0makanan\u00a0 dan\u00a0 menyerap\u00a0nutrient\u00a0yang\u00a0 dibutuhkan\u00a0untuk\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0 dan\u00a0memastikan\u00a0pada\u00a0 waktu\u00a0yang\u00a0bersamaan\u00a0 mengeluarkan\u00a0racun\u00a0 dari\u00a0tubuh.\u00a0Pertumbuhan\u00a0dan\u00a0 perkembangan\u00a0saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0 dan\u00a0kesehatannya\u00a0sangat\u00a0 penting\u00a0untuk\u00a0mendukung\u00a0 perkembangan\u00a0dan\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0 dari\u00a0organisme\u00a0didalamnya\u00a0 (Choct,\u00a02009).\u00a0Kesehatan\u00a0saluran\u00a0 pencernaan\u00a0digambarkan\u00a0 sebagai\u00a0 keseimbangan\u00a0dinamis\u00a0 yang\u00a0memiliki\u00a0interaksi\u00a0 komplek\u00a0antara\u00a0kualitas\u00a0 nutrisi,\u00a0populasi\u00a0mikroflora,\u00a0 dan\u00a0mukosa\u00a0 usus,\u00a0serta\u00a0memastikan\u00a0 fungsi\u00a0utama\u00a0dari\u00a0 saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0dan\u00a0 keberadaan\u00a0patogen\u00a0 (Conway,\u00a01994).\u00a0Sebagai\u00a0 konsekuensinya,\u00a0 menjaga\u00a0keseluruhan\u00a0 kesehatan\u00a0memerlukan\u00a0saluran\u00a0 pecernaan\u00a0yang\u00a0bebas dari penyakit, seperti \u00a0<em>dysbacteriosis<\/em>, infeksi, inflamasi (Wilson\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005).<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Unggas\u00a0yang\u00a0sehat\u00a0secara\u00a0 umum\u00a0memiliki\u00a0karkateristik\u00a0 saluran\u00a0usus\u00a0yang\u00a0berfungsi\u00a0 dengan\u00a0baik.\u00a0Hal\u00a0ini\u00a0 merupakan\u00a0dasar\u00a0 untuk\u00a0meningkatkan\u00a0eifiseinsi\u00a0 konversi\u00a0ransum\u00a0untuk\u00a0 kebutuhan\u00a0pokok\u00a0dan\u00a0 pertumbuhan\u00a0atau\u00a0produksi.\u00a0 Karakteristik\u00a0 terpenting\u00a0 dari\u00a0usus\u00a0yang\u00a0 befungsi\u00a0dengan\u00a0dengan\u00a0 baik\u00a0adalah\u00a0keseimbangan\u00a0 dari\u00a0populasi\u00a0bakteri\u00a0 didalamnya.\u00a0 Keseimbangan ini\u00a0 berkaitan\u00a0erat\u00a0dengan\u00a0 saluran\u00a0usus\u00a0ketika\u00a0 ternak\u00a0diperlakukan\u00a0 dalam\u00a0kondisi\u00a0stress\u00a0 seperti\u00a0infeksi\u00a0 bakteri,\u00a0 temperatur\u00a0lingkungan\u00a0 yang\u00a0tinggi,\u00a0pergantian\u00a0 pakan,\u00a0dan\u00a0transportasi\u00a0 (Jin\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a01997).\u00a0Beberapa\u00a0 kerusakan\u00a0 saluran\u00a0penernaan\u00a0disebabkan\u00a0 oleh\u00a0bakteri\u00a0patogen\u00a0 yang\u00a0mengganggu\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0 saluran\u00a0pencernaan,\u00a0dengan\u00a0 cara\u00a0 menekan\u00a0efisiensi\u00a0penyerapan\u00a0 nutrisi.\u00a0Bentuk\u00a0subklinis\u00a0 dari\u00a0infeksi\u00a0adalah\u00a0\u00a0<em>necrotic\u00a0entritis<\/em>\u00a0(NE)\u00a0 yang\u00a0akan\u00a0merusak\u00a0secara\u00a0 lebih\u00a0cepat\u00a0dan\u00a0 infeksi\u00a0jangka\u00a0pendek.\u00a0 Selain\u00a0itu,\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0 saluran\u00a0penceernaan\u00a0dapat\u00a0 berpengaruh\u00a0terhadap\u00a0jalannya\u00a0 penyerapan\u00a0nutrien,\u00a0mobilisasi\u00a0 dan\u00a0fungsi\u00a0perkembangan\u00a0 organ,\u00a0pertumbuhan\u00a0jaringan\u00a0 dan\u00a0sistem\u00a0imun\u00a0 (Kelly\u00a0dan\u00a0Conway,\u00a02001).<\/p>\n<p>Beberapa\u00a0penlitian\u00a0menduga\u00a0 bahwa\u00a0<em>pathogenic\u00a0microflora<\/em>\u00a0dalam\u00a0 saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0dapat\u00a0 menurunkan\u00a0absorbsi\u00a0 nutrient dengan\u00a0cara\u00a0meningkatkan\u00a0 ketebalan\u00a0mukosa\u00a0saluran\u00a0 pencernaan,\u00a0laju\u00a0digesta\u00a0 pakan,\u00a0meningkatkan\u00a0 kebutuhan\u00a0nutrisi\u00a0 inang\u00a0dengan\u00a0cara\u00a0 meningkatkan\u00a0kembali\u00a0penebalan\u00a0 mukosa\u00a0saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0 dan\u00a0berkompetisi\u00a0untuk\u00a0 memperoleh\u00a0 energi\u00a0dan\u00a0protein\u00a0 (Apajalahti\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02004).\u00a0 Perkembangan\u00a0<em>pathogenic\u00a0microflora<\/em>\u00a0 dapat\u00a0ditekan\u00a0dengan\u00a0 cara\u00a0penambahan\u00a0 antibiotik.\u00a0Pemberian\u00a0antibiotik\u00a0 dalam\u00a0pakan\u00a0dapat\u00a0 menghambat\u00a0pertumbuhan\u00a0\u00a0<em>exogenous\u00a0pothogen<\/em>,\u00a0sehingga\u00a0 meningkatkan\u00a0 efisiensi\u00a0nutrisi,\u00a0kinerja\u00a0pertumbuhan,\u00a0 dan\u00a0status\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0unggs\u00a0 (Miles\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006).\u00a0 Thomke\u00a0dan\u00a0Elwinger\u00a0(1998)\u00a0 mendeskripsikan\u00a0bahwa\u00a0antibiotik\u00a0 dapat\u00a0mengontrol\u00a0pertumbuhan\u00a0 dan\u00a0proliferasi\u00a0mikroflora\u00a0 dalam\u00a0saluran\u00a0pencernaan,\u00a0 namun\u00a0antibiotik\u00a0tidak\u00a0 dapat\u00a0mengontrol\u00a0pertumbuhan\u00a0 dengan\u00a0berbagai\u00a0mekanisme.\u00a0 Antibiotik\u00a0dibedakan\u00a0 menurut\u00a0 kemampuannya\u00a0untuk\u00a0mempengaruhi\u00a0 kerja\u00a0penyakit\u00a0tertentu\u00a0atau\u00a0 meningkatkan\u00a0pertumbuhan\u00a0dan\u00a0efisiensi\u00a0pakan.<\/p>\n<p>Penggunaan\u00a0antibiotik\u00a0 sebagai<em>\u00a0feed\u00a0additive<\/em>\u00a0dapat\u00a0memberikan\u00a0 efek\u00a0residu\u00a0karena\u00a0efek\u00a0 dari\u00a0bakteri\u00a0resisten\u00a0 secara\u00a0nyata\u00a0 lebih\u00a0luas\u00a0dari\u00a0pada\u00a0 manfaat\u00a0yang\u00a0diperoleh\u00a0 dari\u00a0penggunaan\u00a0antibiotik\u00a0 sebagai\u00a0<em>feed\u00a0additive<\/em>\u00a0 (WHO,\u00a02003).\u00a0Efek\u00a0residu\u00a0 tidak\u00a0hanya\u00a0berdampak\u00a0 pada\u00a0ternak,\u00a0tetapi\u00a0 juga\u00a0pada\u00a0manusia.\u00a0 Sebagai\u00a0konsekuensi\u00a0dari\u00a0 semua\u00a0penggunaan\u00a0antibiotik,\u00a0 industri\u00a0perunggasan\u00a0harus\u00a0 menemukan\u00a0alternatif\u00a0untuk\u00a0 pengganti\u00a0antibiotik.\u00a0Alternatif\u00a0 yang\u00a0diberikan\u00a0harus\u00a0 ramah\u00a0 lingkungan\u00a0dan\u00a0melindungi\u00a0ternak\u00a0dan\u00a0 manusia\u00a0yang\u00a0mengonsumsi\u00a0produk\u00a0hasil\u00a0ternak\u00a0(Cabuk\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02006).<\/p>\n<p>Salah\u00a0satu\u00a0alternatif\u00a0yang\u00a0 dapat\u00a0digunakan\u00a0adalah\u00a0 fitobiotik.\u00a0<em>Phytogenic\u00a0feed\u00a0 additive<\/em>\u00a0atau\u00a0yang\u00a0dikenal\u00a0 sebagai\u00a0fitobiotik\u00a0 merupakan\u00a0 senyawa\u00a0turunan\u00a0 tanaman\u00a0yang\u00a0masuk\u00a0 ke\u00a0dalam\u00a0diet\u00a0untuk\u00a0 meningkatkan\u00a0produktivitas\u00a0 ternak\u00a0dengan\u00a0 cara\u00a0 memperbaiki\u00a0sifat\u00a0pakan,\u00a0 meningkatkan\u00a0kiner\u00a0produksi\u00a0 ternak,\u00a0maupun\u00a0memperbaiki\u00a0 kualitas\u00a0produk\u00a0 hasil\u00a0ternak.\u00a0Fitobiotik\u00a0 merupakan<em>\u00a0growth\u00a0promotore\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>alami\u00a0atau\u00a0<em>non-antibiotic growth\u00a0promotore<\/em>,\u00a0turunan\u00a0 dari\u00a0tanaman\u00a0obat-obatan,\u00a0rempah-rempah,\u00a0 atau\u00a0tanaman\u00a0lainnya\u00a0(Windisch\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02007).\u00a0<strong>(Etha &#8216;Azizah Hasiib*)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sumber\u00a0Pustaka<\/p>\n<p>Apajalahti,\u00a0J.,\u00a0A.\u00a0Kettunen,\u00a0and H.\u00a0Graham.\u00a02004.\u00a0Characteristics\u00a0 of\u00a0the\u00a0gastrointestinal\u00a0 microbial\u00a0communities,\u00a0 with\u00a0special\u00a0 reference\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0chicken.\u00a0Worlds\u00a0Poultry\u00a0Science\u00a0Journal.\u00a060:\u00a0223-232.<\/p>\n<p>Cabuk,\u00a0M.,\u00a0M.\u00a0Bozkurt,\u00a0 A.\u00a0Alcicek,\u00a0Y.\u00a0Akbas,\u00a0 and\u00a0K.\u00a0Kucukyilmaz.\u00a02006.\u00a0 Effect\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0herbal\u00a0essential\u00a0 oil\u00a0mixture\u00a0on\u00a0growth\u00a0 and\u00a0internal\u00a0organ\u00a0weight\u00a0of\u00a0broilers\u00a0from\u00a0young\u00a0and\u00a0old\u00a0breeder\u00a0flocks.\u00a0South\u00a0African\u00a0 Journal\u00a0of\u00a0Animal\u00a0Science.\u00a036:\u00a0135-141.<\/p>\n<p>Choct,\u00a0M.\u00a02009.\u00a0Managing\u00a0gut\u00a0health\u00a0through\u00a0nutrition.\u00a0British\u00a0Poultry\u00a0Science.\u00a050:\u00a09-15.<\/p>\n<p>Conway,\u00a0P.L.1994.\u00a0Function\u00a0and\u00a0regulation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0gastrointestinal\u00a0 microbiota\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0pig.\u00a0 In\u00a0:\u00a0Souffrant,W.B.,\u00a0 Hagemeinster, H.\u00a0(Eds.),\u00a0Proceedings\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0VI\u00a0International\u00a0Symposium\u00a0on\u00a0 Digestive\u00a0Physiology\u00a0in\u00a0Pigs.\u00a0 EAAP\u00a0Publication\u00a0No\u00a080\u00a0 Dummerstoff,\u00a0pp.\u00a0231-240.<\/p>\n<p>Jin,\u00a0L.Z.,\u00a0Y.W.\u00a0Ho,\u00a0N.\u00a0Abdullah,\u00a0and\u00a0S.\u00a0Jalaludin.\u00a01997.\u00a0Probiotics\u00a0in\u00a0poultry:\u00a0 modes\u00a0of\u00a0action. World&#8217;s\u00a0Poultry\u00a0Science\u00a0Journal\u00a0 53,\u00a0351-368.<\/p>\n<p>Kelly\u00a0D.\u00a0and\u00a0S.\u00a0Conway.\u00a02001.\u00a0Genomics\u00a0at\u00a0work:\u00a0the\u00a0global\u00a0gene\u00a0 response\u00a0to\u00a0enteric\u00a0bacteria.\u00a0Gut\u00a049,\u00a0612-613.<\/p>\n<p>Miles\u00a0R.D.,\u00a0G.D.\u00a0Butcher,\u00a0P.R.\u00a0Henry,\u00a0and\u00a0R.C.\u00a0Littel.\u00a02006.\u00a0 Effect\u00a0of\u00a0antibiotic\u00a0growth\u00a0promoters\u00a0 on\u00a0broiler\u00a0performance,\u00a0 intestinal\u00a0growth\u00a0parameters,\u00a0 and\u00a0quantitative\u00a0morphology.\u00a0Poultry\u00a0Science.\u00a085:\u00a0476-485.<\/p>\n<p>Thomke,\u00a0S.\u00a0and\u00a0K.\u00a0Elwinger.\u00a01998.\u00a0Growth\u00a0promotants\u00a0in\u00a0feeding\u00a0pigs\u00a0and\u00a0 poultry.\u00a0III.\u00a0 Alternatives\u00a0to\u00a0antibiotic\u00a0growth\u00a0 promotants.\u00a0Annales\u00a0de\u00a0Zootechnie.\u00a047:\u00a0245-271.<\/p>\n<p>Wilson,J.,\u00a0G.\u00a0Tice,\u00a0M.L.\u00a0Brash,\u00a0and\u00a0S.\u00a0St\u00a0Hilaire.\u00a02005.\u00a0 Manifestations\u00a0of\u00a0Clostridium\u00a0 perfringens\u00a0and\u00a0related\u00a0 bacterial\u00a0 enteritides\u00a0in\u00a0broiler\u00a0chickens.\u00a0Worlds\u00a0Poultry\u00a0Science\u00a0Journal\u00a061,\u00a0435-449.<\/p>\n<p>Windisch,\u00a0W.M.,\u00a0K.\u00a0Schedle,\u00a0C.\u00a0Plitzner,\u00a0and\u00a0A.\u00a0Kroismary.\u00a0 2007.\u00a0Use\u00a0of\u00a0phytogenic\u00a0products\u00a0 as\u00a0feed\u00a0additive\u00a0for swine\u00a0 and\u00a0poultry.\u00a0J\u00a0Anim\u00a0Sci\u00a0published\u00a0online\u00a0Dec\u00a011,\u00a02007.<\/p>\n<p>World\u00a0Health\u00a0Organization\u00a0(2003).\u00a0Impacts\u00a0of\u00a0antimicrobial\u00a0growth\u00a0promoter\u00a0termination\u00a0in\u00a0Denmark.\u00a0In\u00a0Document\u00a0HO\/CDS\/CPE\/ZFK\/2003.1.\u00a0pp.\u00a01-57.\u00a0WHO,\u00a0Foulum,\u00a0Denmark.<\/p>\n<p>*) penulis merupakan mahasiswa Prodi Ilmu Peternakan UGM dan Depnas Puskom KMNU Nasional<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0merupakan\u00a0 pemabatas\u00a0antara\u00a0unggas\u00a0 dan\u00a0ligkungan,\u00a0serta\u00a0 berfungsi untuk\u00a0mencerna\u00a0makanan\u00a0 dan\u00a0 menyerap\u00a0nutrient\u00a0yang\u00a0 dibutuhkan\u00a0untuk\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0 dan\u00a0memastikan\u00a0pada\u00a0 waktu\u00a0yang\u00a0bersamaan\u00a0 mengeluarkan\u00a0racun\u00a0 dari\u00a0tubuh.\u00a0Pertumbuhan\u00a0dan\u00a0 perkembangan\u00a0saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0 dan\u00a0kesehatannya\u00a0sangat\u00a0 penting\u00a0untuk\u00a0mendukung\u00a0 perkembangan\u00a0dan\u00a0kesehatan\u00a0 dari\u00a0organisme\u00a0didalamnya\u00a0 (Choct,\u00a02009).\u00a0Kesehatan\u00a0saluran\u00a0 pencernaan\u00a0digambarkan\u00a0 sebagai\u00a0 keseimbangan\u00a0dinamis\u00a0 yang\u00a0memiliki\u00a0interaksi\u00a0 komplek\u00a0antara\u00a0kualitas\u00a0 nutrisi,\u00a0populasi\u00a0mikroflora,\u00a0 dan\u00a0mukosa\u00a0 usus,\u00a0serta\u00a0memastikan\u00a0 fungsi\u00a0utama\u00a0dari\u00a0 saluran\u00a0pencernaan\u00a0dan\u00a0 keberadaan\u00a0patogen\u00a0 (Conway,\u00a01994).\u00a0Sebagai\u00a0 konsekuensinya,\u00a0 menjaga\u00a0keseluruhan\u00a0 kesehatan\u00a0memerlukan\u00a0saluran\u00a0 pecernaan\u00a0yang\u00a0bebas dari penyakit, seperti \u00a0dysbacteriosis, infeksi, inflamasi (Wilson\u00a0et\u00a0al.,\u00a02005).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1871,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1870"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1870"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1870\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kmnu-old.kiarta.id\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}